Energy & Power
Generation, storage, carbon capture, power electronics, thermal. The substrate of everything else — getting electrons in and heat out at scale.
Generation
Fusion in every confinement geometry (magnetic, inertial, FRC, stellarator, z-pinch), geothermal, solar (perovskite, photovoltaic, tandem), electrolysers, SOFCs, wave-tidal. How new electrons get made — net-zero, on the largest scales.
Carbon capture
BECCS, CCUS, direct air capture, mineralisation, ocean alkalinity. Removing CO₂ that's already been emitted — distinct from generation, often confused with it.
Storage
Batteries across every chemistry — lithium-ion, lithium-sulphur, sodium-ion, solid-state, flow — plus compressed-air, gravity-thermal, and long-duration storage. How electrons sit still until they're needed.
Power electronics
GaN-on-Si, power management ICs, wireless power transfer, GW-scale power delivery, solid-state circuit breakers. The semiconductors that move large currents — the bottleneck under AI datacentres, EVs, and the grid build-out.
Thermal management
Heat pipes, vapor chambers, thermal interface materials, liquid cooling, diamond heat spreaders, graphene thermal films, phase-change materials. AI's power density already exceeds what air-cooling can dissipate — this is where the next several W/cm² come from.